The Study Methods Used Purposive Sampling And Qualitative...

The study methods included a mixed approach, using a multiphase convergent parallel design. Within this approach, data collection for both qualitative and quantitative data is collected simultaneously. Data is interpreted separately regarding the same research question, and determined whether both sets of data lead to similar conclusions (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). While mixed methods approach to data collection may require additional time from the researcher, this approach is beneficial in many ways, including enhancing weaknesses in each type of design, such as a small focus group in qualitative studies. Additionally, if both sets of data draw similar conclusions, the strength of the findings is enhanced (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). For recruitment of the study, the researchers used purposive sampling. Purposive sampling consists of deliberately choosing participants for the purpose of the study. This could be those who represent a particular group of interest, or those who would cons ist of a diverse group (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). In this particular study, the purposive sampling is beneficial, as the participants are chosen based on their experience with the program. The participants of the study consisted of administrator involved in aboriginal teaching such as support staff and program instructors, in addition to the Aboriginal teacher candidates (ATC), who were the focus of the research study. While many recruitment strategies were employed, the recruitment of theShow MoreRelatedUsing Quantitative And Qualitative Research965 Words   |  4 PagesSampling Procedures According to Creswell (2015a) â€Å"sampling in mixed methods research refers to the procedures for selecting participants (and sites) in both quantitative and qualitative research and to the sampling strategies employed with each of the designs† (p. 75). Creswell defines sampling procedure in mixed methods in relation to two central issues which are: 1) how to select a valid sample size for both quantitative and qualitative research designs in relation to the research questionRead MoreThe Real Estate Development And Other Investment Multipronged Implication1293 Words   |  6 Pagesbe employed for the study that focused on the real estate development and other investment multipronged implication to the sustenance of rural livelihood analysis of Dukem town. 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Probability sampling is typically used in quantitative research studies (Polit Beck, 2014). It involves a specific analytical process that requires the random selection of attributes from a population that is beingRead MoreEssay On Risk Assessment1649 Words   |  7 PagesPressure Ulcer      Future Research:   This assignment has two parts, part one reviewed pressure ulcer prevention, and the gaps that were identified were: it lacked research on pressure ulcer management, individuals did not having enough knowledge on methods to reduce pressure ulcers, there was a low sample size and selection and there was a gap between the risk assessment process, and pressure ulcer prevention. For the purpose of part two, this assignment will look at the lived experience of nurses,Read MoreJustification For A Qualitative Methodological Approach1593 Words   |  7 Pages3.0 Introduction Following a critical overview of the literature, this chapter outlines the research methodology. 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These are quantitative, qualitative or mixed approachesRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the moduleRead MoreChapter Three. 3-Research Methodology . The Chapter Contains1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmethodology which will be employee for the study that focuses on the real estate development and other investment multipronged implication to the sustenance of rural livelihood analysis of Dukem town. To do the study, the researcher design the descriptive approach which entirely focuses on both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect primary as well as secondary data using interviews, questionnaire, FGD, observation and photographs. 3.1-Research Design A qualitative research approach, supplement with

Description of Beer in History of the Worlds in Six...

In a History of the Worlds in Six Glasses, Tom Standage describes beer as one of the oldest beverage. According to Standage the discovery of beer was around 10,000 BCE, it was made from grain that grew in the region called Fertile that could be stored and made wet or soaked to turn into beer (p 15). Beer was shared with several people and goes on to become a social drink. Standage goes on to explain about another beverage made with wild grapes vines produced between 9000 and 4000 BCE in northern Iran (p 47). Wine became a symbol of social differentiation and a form of conspicuous consumption. In this essay I will describe how Tom Stranger’s text discusses the relationship between beer and wine with their social behaviors and their†¦show more content†¦The Greek practice mixing wine and water to make the correct strength for those who drink and those who do not. â€Å"The drunkard is insolent and rude. . . . On the other hand, the complete teetotaler is disagreeable a nd more fit for tending children than for presiding over a drinking party.† (Standage 59) Drinking fine wine without mixing it with water was savagely cruel by Greeks. Dinysus was the only one that they believed could drink pure wine without danger. Dinysus drank from a special vase, which shows that no water has been added. â€Å"Mere mortals, in contrast, could only drink wine whose strength has been tempered with water; otherwise they would become extremely violent or even go mad.† (p 57) However like Greek, Romans embraced the finest wines. The Romans stared wine as a universal staple. â€Å"Wine became a symbol of social differentiation, a mark of the wealth and status of the drinker.† (p75) The ability for a Roman to name the finest wines showed that they were rich enough to know the difference of which was which. â€Å"The obvious conclusion was that beer was a gift from the gods; accidently, many cultures have myths that explain how the gods invented beer and then showed humankind how to make it.† (p19) Egyptians believed that beer was accidently made by Osiris. Osiris being the king of afterlife forgot a mixture of water and grains out in the sun. Later on he found it, decided to drink it yet he

The Healthcare Institute And System Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Institute And System. Answer: The famous saying health for the people and by the people must be followed by all the healthcare organizations of the society. However, there is this important fact that must be noted by all the caregiving institutes like the NGOs, the Governmental organizations or any other kinds of organizations as well. However often the patients who reach out to these organizations for getting cured and for getting back to the normal lives are often ignored or are insulted. This is indeed very shameful on part of the healthcare organizations if they are trying to discriminate between their patients in terms of color, religion, ethnicity or any other such grounds (Niger 2004). The healthcare institute personnel must keep it in mind that they have taken a pledge to cure the patients. They must be there for all the patients. Just as the nation itself is for the people, by the people, and of the people, the health care system must also be for the good of the people and it must include the voice of all the people. They must make sure that all the patients are getting equal opportunities and benefits. The healthcare professionals have to take care about the sentiments of all the patients and make sure that they are not making any such comments that will hurt the sentiments and the ego of any of the patients belonging from any communities. The health care system must make sure that they are taking into account the voice and the opinion of the patients whom they are treating. The patients are to be given equal importance and are to be informed about every detail of the treatment process. References Niger J Med (2004). Community participation in health and development.

Protection Of The Commercial Use Of Free Speech Essays - Censorship

Protection Of The Commercial Use Of Free Speech If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea morally offensive or disagreeable. It is because I believe these words by Justice Brennan, I stand for the negation of todays resolution, that When they Conflict, Respect for....... Cultural Sensitivity Ought To Be Valued Above Commercial Use of Free Speech. My value for todays debate is that of Free expression, which I will define as the freedom to express our thoughts, ideas, and beliefs, freely and openly, without restraint. My criteria is the degree to which free speech is allowed in the business environment. I have three contentions to support my value of Free Expression, and to negate the resolution. My first contention is, It is virtually impossible to avoid offending someones culture in our multi-cultural society. Second, Freedom of speech is based on our valuing the autonomy of individuals to make informed decisions. My third contention is that there is no moral responsibility of the commercial media to suppress certain speech because it violates some cultural sensitivity. My first contention is It is virtually impossible to avoid offending someones culture in our multi-cultural society. As Edward J. Eberle states, One mans vulgarity, is another mans lyric.. The concept of cultural sensitivity is too vague a concept to be enforced. One can intend no offense, and yet offense can be taken. How many people must be offended before it constitutes cultural insensitivity? In a country that will tolerate hate speeches by the Ku Klux Klan in the name of free speech, it is unreasonable to limit the commercial use of free speech because someone might be offended by a commercial. Let the general public determine what is offensive and they will react with disfavor. If the public felt strongly enough to boycott products and services because they were offended by a companys advertising, that company will pull the add. That is the American way, and it works. My second contention is that, Freedom of speech is based on our valuing the autonomy of individuals to make informed decisions. The resolution suggests that it would be wise to remove certain types of information from the public- those that violate the cultural sensitivity of some people. The resolution also suggests that individual members of our culture are not capable of making informed decisions on matters of cultural sensitivity. No one cultural outlook is so privileged that it cannot or should not be included in the testing that occurs in the marketplace of ideas. If we as a society ever get to the point that we view the diminishing of freedom of speech as moral, we endanger our ability to live in a free society. Because the resolution asks that we as a society we adopt a moral stance that can only be seen as changing the way free speech operates in our society, it cannot be affirmed. My third and last contention is that there is no moral responsibility of the commercial media to suppress certain speech because it violates some cultural sensitivity. The responsibility of the commercial media is to their audience and shareholders. This is the moral basis of capitalism- to meet the needs of the people in a free society. Consumers enter the marketplace to satisfy their needs. If by chance members of a specific culture are offended by media content, they are under no obligation to consume the products. They can put the book down. They can turn of their Television. They can leave the theater when an offensive movie is playing. They can also form boycotts against specific products and companies. These are the rights of the consumer. Because Free expression is a basic American value, and limitations on it should be minimized, and because the concept of cultural sensitivity is too ambiguous, I ask you to join me in negating the resolution. Social Issues

History of the Cherokee Indians Essays

History of the Cherokee Indians Essays History of the Cherokee Indians Essay History of the Cherokee Indians Essay History of the Cherokee Indians: Growth to Reduction of the tribes Mary Ruef Axia College University of Phoenix I would like to provide you with some information regarding the Cherokee Indians. I am one quarter Cherokee Indian. My grandmother is full blooded Cherokee and may mother is one half Cherokee. Cherokee comes from a creek word â€Å"Cherokee† meaning â€Å"people of a different speech† (Cherokee history 1996). There are 561 officially recognized Indian tribes in the United States. The Bureau of Indian Affairs is the largest database of records and histories of Native American tribes in the country. The language of the Cherokee Indian is Iroquian, although the Cherokee language differs slightly from the Iroquian language. Before the coming of the Europeans my family the Cherokee’s were forced to migrate to the southern Appalachians from the northwest after a defeat at the hands of the Iroquois and Delaware. According to Cherokee history, The growth of my hertiage started in the southern Appalachian Mountains including western and North and South Carolina, Northern Georgia and Alabama, Southwest Virginia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Northern Alabama (www. olatsga. org/cherokee. html 1996). The Eastern Cherokee still maintain their reservation in western North Carolina but most live in Oklahoma, Northern Cherokee nation of old Louisiana territory still has almost 12,ooo members and they are recognized by the state of Missouri unlike North Alabama whom do not have federal recognition. We lived in small communities usually near river bottoms. Homes ar e made of wooden frames covered with woven vines and saplings plastered with mud. Each village usually consisted of 30 to 50 log and mud huts. These huts are usually grouped around the village to make a town square, which was known as the council house. â€Å"The council house was seven sided to represent the seven clans of the Cherokee Indians : Bird, paint, deer, wolf, blue, long hair, and wild potato† (smoky mountain mall, 2007). We lived in the dense evergreen forests among the Allegheny and Great Smoky Mountains because these areas were plentiful with game, fish, and plant life. Clothing was made of deer skins. According to the wild west the women farmed corn, beans, squash and sunflowers which they preserved for use year around. Gourds were used as utensils, storage containers and ceremonial rattles. â€Å"Our spiritual belief revolves around a Creator and spirits who embody the sun, moon, and stars. Harvest ceremony is very important to any agricultural tribe† (www. thewildwest. org 2008). A dance known as the Green Corn Dance is held each August to hedge our bet for a good harvest. My native American culture live and love with nature. We created harmony within our environment in what we wear, create, what we eat and how it we prepare it. Our home life is important as well as our beliefs and philosophies. Even though Indian heritage is rich in tradition and culture, many Indians that live on reservations are struggling with a different legacy. According to the American Indian Tragedy more than 300,000 Native Americans are either homeless or living in life threatening conditions. â€Å"American Indians are faced with suicide rate double that of all other nonwhites, and higher levels of school dropouts, alcoholism, and unemployment† (American Indian Tragedy 2008). Many housing for the Indian reservations do not have electricity or running water due to these areas being so isolated. Many of our Indian reservations lack high quality natural resources. Agricultural productivity on Indian lands is less than on similar private lands. Income for us consist of casinos however these casinos are not created equal. Some of the casinos that are tribally owned are economic failures. Some of these casinos are profitable and create millions of dollars or more in profits. According to the American Indian Tragedy the high rate of poverty on many Indian reservations stems from a historical amalgam of federal policies which were intended to push Indians to become civilized. A lot has changed in the Cherokee nation it now has become a leader in housing, education, vocational training, economic development and business. According to the federal government the Cherokee nation has the right to exercise control over their tribal assets. Our assets not only include the 96 miles of the Arkansas River bed but also include 66,000 acres of land. February 10, 1990 a tax code was approved by the Cherokee nation to include sales tax and tobacco tax on all services and goods sold in the Cherokee Indian tribal land. The main purpose of this tax code is to increase the revenue so that they can provide the Cherokee Indians with a better way of life (Cherokee Nation 2008). References Cherokee History. Retrieved from web site www. tolatsga. org/cherokee1. html May 25,2008. Cherokee Nation Cherokee Indians, 2008. Retrieved from web site www. smokymtnmall. com/cherokee_indians/cherokee_nation. shtml May 25, 2008. The Wild West Cowboys and Legends. Retrieved from web site http://thewildwest. org/interface/index. php? action=539 May 25,2008

12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories

12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories 12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories They say it takes all kinds to make the world go round - and the same is true of stories. Whether you’re writing fantasy, romance, or action-adventure, you’re going to need certain types of characters to keep the plot moving and your readers intrigued!That’s why we’ve put together this handy-dandy guide of 12 character types featured in almost every story: to help you figure out which ones you need, how they relate to one another, and what purposes they can serve. 12 characters featured in almost all stories What are the different types of characters?Most writers have an inherent understanding of how to categorize their characters based on classic, â€Å"comic book-style† labels: heroes, villains, sidekicks, etc.  But in the ever-intricate realm of stories, there are many more nuanced types to consider!Before we explore these types, however, you should know that there are two main ways to classify them: by role, and by quality.RoleCharacter role refers to the part that one plays in the story. As you probably know, the most important role in any story is the protagonist (which we’ll discuss below). This means all other roles stem from their relationship to the protagonist. Basically, these types define how characters interact and affect one another.Types based on role include:ProtagonistAntagonistDeuteragonistTertiaryConfidanteLove interestFoilSome of these roles can overlap. A deuteragonist might be the MC’s confidante. The antagonist might be their foil. Or the an tagonist might eventually become the protagonist’s love interest! (Any fans of the enemies-to-lovers trope up in here?)But we’re getting ahead of ourselves. Let’s quickly touch on the second major category of character types.QualityCharacter quality has to do with what kind of character someone is. This doesn’t refer to their temperament, such as being nice or mean, but rather their nature within the story, such as being dynamic or static. Scout Finch - the archetypical child. Image: Universal Pictures11. Symbolic characterAs we mentioned earlier, a symbolic character is used to represent something larger and more important than themselves, which usually ties into the overall message of the book or series. This type must also be used sparingly - or at least subtly, so the reader doesn’t feel like the symbolism is too heavy-handed. As a result, the true nature of a symbolic character may only be fully understood at the very end of a story.Symbolic examples: Aslan (symbolizes God/Jesus in The Chronicles of Narnia), Jonas (symbolizes hope in The Giver), Gregor Samsa (symbolizes the difficulty of change/being different in The Metamorphosis)12. Round characterDon’t get this one confused with Humpty-Dumpty. A round character is very similar to a dynamic one, in that they both typically change throughout their character arc. The key difference is that we as readers can intuit that the round character is nuance d and contains multitudes even before any major change has occurred.The round character has a full backstory (though not always revealed in the narrative), complex emotions, and realistic motivations for what they do. This doesn’t necessarily mean they’re a good person - indeed, many of the best round characters are deeply flawed. But you should still be interested and excited to follow their arc because you can never be quite sure where they’ll be led or how they’ll change. Needless to say, the vast majority of great protagonists are not only dynamic, but also round.Round examples: Amy Dunne, Atticus Finch, Humbert Humbert, Randle McMurphy, Michael Corleone All the best characters are round ðŸÅ'Ž With this wide-ranging arsenal of character types at your disposal, your story might just be the stuff of legends (or bestseller lists). Now go put them to use - if you haven’t already!Which of these types do you have in your story? How do they overlap? Tell us in the comments below.

Motivation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation Paper - Essay Example Fifth or the last layer of hierarchy is related to the need of self-actualization. At this stage, a person is motivated to achieve the highest degree of autonomy and comfort in life. Engagement has become very necessary in today’s business world. â€Å"Engagement may have been optional in the past, but it’s pretty much the whole game today† (Hamel). This theory will be effective in increasing employee engagement because the managers can target the first four layers of needs to increase employee motivation and engagement levels. The managers can provide employees with housing allowance to meet one of their basic physiological needs. They can also provide them with a safe and interactive work environment to meet their second and third layers of needs. Fourth layer of needs can also be met by appreciating the hard work of employees and encouraging them. If managers focus on these little things, they can definitely increase the employee engagement level. The need for achievement is the need of a person to achieve all personal and professional goals. Achievement of any type of goal makes people happy and confident. Power is another human need. People, who are motivated by power, want to dominate and shape other people’s views and behaviors. The third need is the need for affiliation. People want to make relationships with other people in order to remain active in the society. This theory cannot be very effective in increasing the employee engagement level because it focuses more on materialism, which is neither good for an employee nor for the company. For example, this theory focuses on achievement and power. People definitely struggle in their lives to achieve something but when they will always work for personal achievements, they will put their job responsibilities aside and it will not be in favor of the company. Similarly, if managers give them more power than they should get in

Bullfighting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bullfighting - Essay Example After that the local public took it as a sport and since they could not afford it, they started bullfighting on bulls and the tradition still continues. Bullfights or corrida takes place in the presence of the president and the local audience in Spain. First of all the paseillo happens in which all the participants of the bullfight introduce themselves. Two participants called alguacilillos enter the ring and ask for keys to the gate behind which are the bulls. The doors are called puerta de los toriles. When the bulls come out the main show starts. The bullfights takes place in three parts called tercios. In the first part, the bull's ability to move his head is hampered by lances used by two picadors who are riding on blindfolded horses. In the second part, three people called banderilleros make the bull chase them around and use sharp colored sticks called banderillas and stab it in the body of the bull, specifically his back. Finally the third and the last part includes the killing of the bull by the matador. In my view, this is a very cruel sport and a symbol of inhuman behavior. Usually in this sport, the bulls are made weak by putting sand bags in their backs. They are also made weak by drugging the animal or to cut the horn of the bull which hamper coordination. Sometimes the weak and placid bulls are selected for the fight so that the win is easy. The game is not only cruel for the bull, but there are other victims as well.

Utilitarianism Essay Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Essay Essay John Stuart Mill, a philosopher and political economist, is known today as one of the most influential sponsors for Utilitarianism. His moral theory tends to go along with a â€Å"Utilitarian rubric† (Fitzpatrick, 2006) and thus holds that the theory is based on how to define right and wrong in terms of happiness. For Mill, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (J. S Mill, 1861, pg. 9). If happiness, for Mill at least, is pleasure, then it is also the absence of pain. Although this can be seen as a hedonistic approach, Mill supports the idea of different levels for pleasure. In his essay Utilitarianism, Mill draws a comparison for human and swine pleasure; he argues that if the pleasures were to be the same, then â€Å"the rule of life which is good enough for one would be good enough for the other. † Clearly man is more advanced than pigs and therefore, in Mill’s opinion, we must conduct ourselves in such a way that reflects how we rank happiness; as more advanced beings, Mill believes that we must place a higher importance on â€Å"mental over bodily pleasures† (J. S. Mill, 1861). Utilitarianism Like any philosophical approach to ethics, Utilitarianism is simply attempting to explain where the boundaries of â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† lie. The name utilitarianism is stemmed from the idea of utility and usefulness; in terms of utilitarianism, an act is good or morally right if it brings about a desired result, which deems it useful for the greater good (Wilkens 2011). If happiness is good, then the â€Å"desired result† should be happiness because, by definition, happiness is good in itself. This can easily be seen as a circular argument, but a Utilitarian, such as Mill, phrases this 2 Utilitarianism Essay 3 idea as â€Å"we ought to because we do. † Humans naturally want to attain or be in a state of happiness, which is taken as proof that the pursuit of happiness must not be evil. Utilitarianism is also distinguished by impartiality and agent-neutrality. Everyones happiness counts the same, which means that we are obliged to think of the well being of everyone who would be impacted by any decisions made (Wilkens, 2011). When one maximizes the good, it is the good objectively considered; if happiness will be rewarded to the majority of a population, then it is good to give it to them even if it causes pain to the individual. Quantitative and Qualitative Jeremy Bentham, fellow philosopher of Mill, aimed to make a way to quantify the results of any ethical decision. He coined the method of â€Å"hedonistic calculus† in which he tried to measure objectively how much happiness could be produced from an ethical decision (Wilkens, 2011). In his process, Bentham divides happiness into several categories and adds up how much happiness is created from within each of the categories; the category with the highest ranking would be the ethical choice. John Stuart Mill focused his version of utilitarianism to stress the qualitative characteristics of happiness rather than the amount of it as Bentham did. Mill’s main objection was that there are different levels of desire – of happiness – that hold different levels of importance, and must therefore be weighed according to that level. He argued that it was not possible to measure happiness or the quality of it, hence deeming Bentham’s calculus of felicity a problem. Though the two differ on many aspects, Bentham and Mill agree that pleasure for the greater good is better than pleasure for only an individual, making happiness fundamentally good (Shaw, 2008). All utilitarian thought has been based on past experience and learning from the consequences of those decisions. 3 Utilitarianism Essay 3 Mill’s Approach: A Critique The utilitarian view has attracted so many supporters because of its ability to link happiness to good; it would be next to impossible to argue that happiness is bad for humanity. Unfortunately, utilitarianism creates an â€Å"ethical limbo† in a sense that we can never know the results of a decision to be good or bad because consequences can only be seen in the future (Wilkens, 2011). It would be impossible to make a standard of judgment based on consequences with Mill’s approach to utilitarianism because we would never truly know the full extent of the consequences of any given action. In Theory Cancer in its various forms has taken the lives of millions all over the world already, and it is unknown how many more will also die prematurely from this disease. Let’s pretend that in the future, doctors discover a genetic mutation only present in an unborn baby (that is, still in the womb) that has the potential to cure cancer. The doctors also know that this baby will be born with many physical mutations that would hinder him in life, causing him unavoidable unhappiness. If the doctors harvest the baby’s DNA, they would need to kill the baby before it is born. But, if the baby is left to live his life, he will later go on and find the cure for HIV, AIDS, and other terminal illness; which would be the ethical choice? For a utilitarian, the choice would be simple: the happiness of the majority (which would be those currently suffering from cancer) outweighs that of the baby, his family, and those suffering from terminal illnesses in the future. One death now is better, or happier, than millions 4 Utilitarianism Essay 3 of deaths in the future. This situation critiques utilitarianism in its inability to fully comprehend the consequences of a decision; it should be deemed unethical to kill a baby, yet to a utilitarian it would be acceptable if it served a purpose even before its birth. 5 Utilitarianism Essay 3 References Mill, J. S. (1861). Utilitarianism. Raleigh, N. C. : Alex Catalogue. Fitzpatrick, J. R. (2006). John Stuart Mills Political Philosophy: Balancing Freedom and the Collective Good. London, GBR: Continuum International Publishing. Retrieved from http://www. ebrary. com from http://site. ebrary. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/lib/grandcanyon/reader. action? ppg=10docID=10224803tm=1414980113298 Wilkens, Steve. (2011). Beyond Bumper Sticker Ethics: An Introduction to Theories of Right and Wrong. Downers Grove, IL. Shaw, W. H. (2008). Utilitarianism. In R. W. Kolb (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society (Vol. 5, pp. 2158-2162). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE %7CCX2660400848v=2. 1u=canyonunivit=rp=GVRLsw=wasid=83325aac55 e64da1ad4e917fe0af0cbb.

Administrative Management Theory Essay -- essays research papers

Our group project is on Henri Fayol’s â€Å"Administrative Management Theory†. As a group member I took on a task of researching his theory. Henri Fayol began his career as a junior Engineer in French Mining Company. His key work was â€Å"Administration Industrielle et Generale† which he published in 1916 ad later o pulished in Eglish I 1949. The administrative theory "emphasized management functions and attempted to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities" (Scott p. 36). Fayol played a main role in the turn-of-the-century Classical School of management theory. Fayol believed that techniques of effective management could be defined and taught and that managerial organization hold as much importance as management as workers organization. He was the first to identify functions of management. The five functions of managers, according to Fayol were plan, organize, command, coordinate, and control. Planning is the act of anticipating the future and acting on it. â€Å"Planning reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change, consider the impact of change and develop appropriate responses.† (Robbins, 2000, p.247) Organization is the development of the institution's resources, including material and human. Commanding is keeping the institution’s actions and processes running. Co-ordination is the alignment and harmonization of the groups’ efforts. Finally, control means that t...

The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi

Importance of keeping a clean and standardized MPI A clean Master Patient Index is a huge part of a successful healthcare organization. Therefor, it is very important to identify duplicate records. Duplicate records could cause major issues such as patient safety, risk management, legal, customer service, and other issues. For example duplicate lab tests could be ordered by doctors and preformed , one of the most common being radiology exams because the previous films were not available for comparison. There have been delays in surgery due to lack of available medical history due to duplicate records.Another common issue with duplicate records is the fact that initial treatment is sometimes delayed. Duplicate record management reports should be reviewed to make sure all of the duplicates have been taken care of and merged properly. One thing that we all need to remember is that the MPI is not an automated process and no particular way of repairing records takes away the human compone nt. Therefore it is important to review all possible duplicates, identify those that need more research and those that can be confirmed as true duplicates. Then verify all possible duplicates that require additional research and reconcile those records.The HIM supervisor's role in managing the duplicate processes and workflow is to assign specific tasks to specific staff members, review duplicate management reports, oversee the process of identifying duplicate records, make sure corrections are made and done correctly. They should also try to minimize the causes of duplicates, by looking for patterns. The problem may be created in a specific situation or a specific department. The HIM supervisor might also evaluate current processes for reconciliation of duplicate records and overlaid medical records. The bigger the database, the bigger the duplication problem can be.The productivity of the duplicate merging process is important to monitor to be sure there is no information being de leted or added in the process. It is also important to monitor it so there is no need to re-run and re-run the same reports to double and triple check that duplicates no longer exist. The organization should set MPI standards and processing standards, as there are no set industry standards. There are EMPI recommendations as seen in appendix A AHIMA recommended data elements. It is very important to set standards based on the recommended data elements in appendix A so that nationally and even internationally, your MPI will be asily read and understood, if needed. It is important that it be similar if not the same as other organizations' MPIs so if anyone from another facility or organization needs to access patient records from your database, it will be straight-forward. It is also a good idea to follow the same or similar procedures as other organizations so when new staff is hired or transferred, there will not be very much training needed. In closing, it is very important to keep a clean and standardized MPI for many many reasons: ease of use, patient safety, timely treatment, and transferability, not to mention billing and legal reasons.

American Comfort Food & Culture

Comfort food, in common parlance, refers not just to the sustenance obtained from edibles, but also to the sense of well-being obtained from eating. In this case, it may be psychological or emotional satisfaction. As defined by YourDictionary. com, comfort food is â€Å"any food eaten not only for its pleasing taste but also for a sense of contentment, nostalgia, etc. that it provides. † The sad reality is, the pleasing taste in most cases does not equate with healthy food. Comfort food, while it provides feelings of soothing warmth and gratification, may have ill effects on the body, and the persons concerned may or may not even realize it.Yet one wonders why people, though aware that certain foodstuffs (like the nicest tasting fries) are unhealthy, still partake of it. Upon closer analysis, one sees that food and diet are inextricably linked to, if not embedded in, evolving society and culture. Take the case of America, where one can witness comfort food in two distinct and interesting dimensions: fastfood that is usually devoid of nutritional quality; and traditional gastronomy handed down by one generation to another, as exemplified by authentic South American cuisine, painstakingly prepared by the matriarch of the household as younger family members look on and assist.Fastfood has become a highly profitable industry and global phenomenon, while home cuisine preparation is becoming a vanishing art. As families become immersed in the vicious cycle or struggle to survive, attain work success or recognition, traditional meal preparations are being replaced by cheap instant meals. â€Å"Saturated fats and meats are displacing grains and fresh vegetables. Mealtimes are shrinking. McDonalds is everywhere. † (Walsh 36). Regular fastfood fare like burgers and fries continually entice young and old alike, in America and other parts of the world.â€Å"The flavors of childhood foods seem to leave an indelible mark, and adults often return to them, witho ut always knowing why. These comfort foods `become a source of pleasure and reassurance, a fact the fast food chains work hard to promote† (Schlosser 123). Huge marketing budgets have been allocated to convince consumers to head for fastfood restaurants with kids and other family members in tow. What people easily take for granted is that as they opt for fastfood meals, â€Å"they consume more calories, less fiber, and more fat† (Schlosser 241).Fats may be categorized as good or bad, and among the most undesirable kind is trans fat found in fastfood staples like french fries. Trans fats contained in hydrogenated cooking oil pose a big risk to heart health, as studies have revealed. â€Å"It serves to justify current efforts to get trans fats out of the American diet† (Boyles, parag. 5). Obesity, fatty liver and heart problems are but some of the dangers of regular fastfood consumption in big servings.Fortunately, helping curb the health decline among America†™s population are medically backed reports and a growing health consciousness that have spawned concerted efforts by consumer groups to ban â€Å"the use of trans freats in restaurant food in major cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago† (Boyles, parag. 5). This had also generated â€Å"pledges from a growing number of fast-food restaurant chains to make their products trans-fat free† (Boyles, parag. 5). Showing an earnest gesture of support in such initiative or clamor to give consumers healthier food options are fastfood companies like Wendy’s and KFC, to name some.Home-produced food may be the norm in certain societies, and â€Å"it shouldn’t be surprising that the societies that have been most successful at retaining food cultures are the ones that have also resisted the pull of Westernization† (Walsh 39). This is not to say, though, that traditional fare like Southern American cuisine is not laden with calories, sugar and fat. South ern American food with multicultural influences includes deep-fried foods and rich gravy made with pan drippings and leftover coffee (Brant parag. 3).If not taken in moderation, they may pose some undesirable health effects, Economics likewise lays a big role in people’s food options. â€Å"Most Southerners were subsistence farmers who relied upon their on harvests to feed their families† (Brant, parag. 3). Delectable dishes, notably â€Å"big country breakfasts of eggs, biscuits and gravy, sausage and grits, and supper plates of chicken-fried steak, corn bread and collard greens provided farmers with the fuel to work from sun up to sun down in the scorching heat and humidity of the south† (Boyles, parag. 5).While certain recipes and ingredients of south American cuisine stand out, the myriad, longed-for flavors reflect â€Å"a combination of culinary heritages from around the world† (Brant, parag. 1). In many parts of America and major cities around the world, contributing to the decline of traditional mealtimes are the trappings and offshoots of the modern technology era. There is media, with its powerful influence; and migration from slow-paced rural communities to cities marked by fast-paced lifestyles. â€Å"Not only do these changes add stress for families, but nutritional quality declines as well† (Walsh 38).Cornell University Professor of Nutritional Science Jeffrey Sobal, was quoted by TIME as saying that †parents complain that they make [traditional] dishes, but the kids won’t eat them. They want the things that they see on television† (Walsh 38) and consenting adults acquiesce. Indeed, various interweaving factors shape today’s American food culture and while â€Å"we might – indeed must – clean up the worst of the fastfood excesses, trying to preserve the diets that keep us both culturally and physically healthier, no one pretends we’re ever going to turn back the cl ock entirely† (Walsh 39). It is, after all, the age of convenience products.Further boosting the popularity of fastfood restaurants is the business strategy of focusing not just on product innovations but also in providing a complete customer experience. Hence, McDonalds has its Playland to appeal to tots. Other fastfood restaurants strategically focus on a theme, slogan or attitude to further lure customers, wittingly or unwittingly. All told, fastfood has both an upside and downside, While most present-day comfort foods meld flavor and texture for utterly enticing eating options, consumers will do well to take a moment to determine if these foods are worth the momentary pleasures they provide.As for restaurants who have made a giant step towards offering consumers the healthier route through food alternatives that limit dangerous ingredients, it is high time they sustain their initiatives that will put a country’s burgeoning population down the healthier path. Househ olds that find it difficult to reshape their dietary paths are usually hindered by budgetary limitations. It can be gleaned that inexpensive, time-saving fastfood has fueled the rapid growth of fastfood outlets on a global scale, Individuals with high standards of living, on the other hand, are better able to experiment and widen their food choices.Indeed, given today’s societal trends and the fastfood phenomenon, only time will tell if healthier and tastier alternatives to trans-fat-laden `comfort food’ will see the day. In the meantime, America is seen grappling with diet-related illnesses even as health empowering news updates are gradually holding sway Works Cited Boyles, Salynn. â€Å"Researchers Say Findings Justify Move to Reduce Trans Fat in U. S. Diet. † Emedicinehealth. com. 26 March 2007. 13 August 2008 . Brant, Kelly. â€Å"Southern Comfort. † Allrecipes. com. 13 August 2008 n. â€Å"Comfort food definition. † YourDictionary. com. 13 Au gust 2008 . Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Walsh, Bryan. â€Å"How the World Eats. † TIME June 2-July 2, 2007: 36.

Free Essays on Case Study Cancer

Psychosocial Assessment Mr. L. is a 69 year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), FAB-M1 normal cytogenetics diagnosed in May of 2001. He received chemotherapy (7+3: AraC/idarubican) at that time and achieved complete remission. He developed a relapse in the April of 2002. He deferred treatment as he was trying alternative medicines. He eventually was treated with chemotherapy (Mylotarg) again in May of 2002, but this did not result in remission and he is considered to be in refractory relapse. Mr. L. has a history of neutropenic fever, otitis media, diabetes, positive VRE in his blood, and Coronary Artery Disease. Mr. L does understand that there is no cure for his disease and that is why he has chose alternative care. He has refused a referral to UW-Madison & UI-Chicago for research and experimental therapy. At this time he is still trying alternative medicines, and comes into the Cancer Center for lab draws, and if needed he has blood and/or platelet transfusions. He has refused Procrit and GM-CSF, to assist in his condition. Mr. L is married and his wife is supportive of him and his choice in attempting alternative medicine. He also has many siblings who are supportive of him and 2 of them were tested for HLA compatibility to see if they would be able to help their brother and tested positive, although due to his remission it is not possible for him to have a transplant at this time. His stressors are having a disease that there is no know cure for, having chemotherapy not work, trying alternative therapies, and having to come into the Cancer Center each week to have his blood work tested (CBC & CMP) to see if he needs to be transfused. With all of this going on Mr. L. still seems to have a positive outlook on his life. Mr. L. is in Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation. I feel that he is in the generativity part of this stage. Generativity is where the person is able to assist th... Free Essays on Case Study Cancer Free Essays on Case Study Cancer Psychosocial Assessment Mr. L. is a 69 year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), FAB-M1 normal cytogenetics diagnosed in May of 2001. He received chemotherapy (7+3: AraC/idarubican) at that time and achieved complete remission. He developed a relapse in the April of 2002. He deferred treatment as he was trying alternative medicines. He eventually was treated with chemotherapy (Mylotarg) again in May of 2002, but this did not result in remission and he is considered to be in refractory relapse. Mr. L. has a history of neutropenic fever, otitis media, diabetes, positive VRE in his blood, and Coronary Artery Disease. Mr. L does understand that there is no cure for his disease and that is why he has chose alternative care. He has refused a referral to UW-Madison & UI-Chicago for research and experimental therapy. At this time he is still trying alternative medicines, and comes into the Cancer Center for lab draws, and if needed he has blood and/or platelet transfusions. He has refused Procrit and GM-CSF, to assist in his condition. Mr. L is married and his wife is supportive of him and his choice in attempting alternative medicine. He also has many siblings who are supportive of him and 2 of them were tested for HLA compatibility to see if they would be able to help their brother and tested positive, although due to his remission it is not possible for him to have a transplant at this time. His stressors are having a disease that there is no know cure for, having chemotherapy not work, trying alternative therapies, and having to come into the Cancer Center each week to have his blood work tested (CBC & CMP) to see if he needs to be transfused. With all of this going on Mr. L. still seems to have a positive outlook on his life. Mr. L. is in Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation. I feel that he is in the generativity part of this stage. Generativity is where the person is able to assist th...

Picking a PhD Topic 5 Mistakes to Avoid

Picking a PhD Topic 5 Mistakes to Avoid Picking a PhD Topic: 5 Mistakes to Avoid If you’re considering studying a PhD, you probably have a decent sense of what you want to research already. Nevertheless, picking a specific dissertation topic can still be difficult and many budding PhD candidates find it a stressful experience. It doesn’t have to be this way though; if you take your time and seek advice, you’ll soon be ready to set out on your PhD journey. Herein, we do our best to help by identifying a few things to avoid when picking a dissertation topic. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rushing You might feel a lot of pressure to pick a topic as soon as possible, but it’s important to think these things through. After all, a PhD can take years to complete and may well shape your whole career to come! If you need guidance, try talking to staff members at the grad school you’ll be attending, especially if you have a specific idea of who you’d like to be your PhD advisor. Likewise, chatting with current PhD students is a great way of coming up with ideas. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ignoring Your Passions As mentioned above, your choice of PhD topic can have a big influence on your career. But your PhD topic shouldn’t be picked on the basis of job prospects alone. Rather, you need to pick something which will sustain your interest for at least four years, so make sure to listen to your heart as well as your career advisor! 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not Keeping Up-to-Date Before picking a PhD topic, make sure to read up on the latest research in your field. As well as ensuring you don’t overlook an important new study, this could help you to identify a research gap that your PhD project can fill. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not Being Methodical By this, we literally mean not considering your methodology before picking a PhD topic. You need to have at least a general idea of how you’ll gather and analyze data for your project, as without good data your research will be severely limited. If you have an idea for a dissertation topic that you want to pursue, one of the first things to do is consider the methodologies it will require. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Underestimating the Scope of Your Research At the end of their first year, almost every PhD candidate has a moment where they realize they had significantly underestimated the amount of work needed for their project. This is why most PhD dissertations cover relatively narrow subjects. Considering the scope of your research from the outset is therefore very much advised. Unless you have unlimited time and resources available, of course, in which case you’re welcome to start working on your Ultimate Theory of Everything whenever you like (just don’t expect to get it finished any time soon).

The effect of atmosphere on customer perceptions and customer behavior Essay

The effect of atmosphere on customer perceptions and customer behavior responses in chain store supermarkets - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the current age of globalization and the increased diversity of products, the shopping behavior of most people has changed significantly. Gone are the days when a shopper would simply walk into his or her favorite store and purchase what he or she likes. However, the shopping and customer world has changed, with many more options available. Even the option of going to the store or supermarket has been expanded to include online shopping and deliveries. In some ways, the shopping experience has evolved with more customers focusing less on shopping and more on the experience of shopping. Retailers also have better options in their products, prices, as well as store spaces, allowing for greater diversity in their options. Retailers are also eager to gain brand loyalty from customers as an added business advantage. In order to secure such loyalty, retailers have set out to improve the environment in their stores. They believe that with an enticing environment in their stores, they would be able to promote positive emotions and feedback from customers and draw them into the stores. Factors which refer to the store’s environment can impact on customer feelings and experiences, also affecting their purchasing behavior, their level of consumption, how much they would spend, and their satisfaction with the experience. A good experience while shopping in a store would likely prompt a repeat visit in the future; it can also facilitate spending in the store, including impulse purchasing. Currently, profits from chain store supermarkets are not too remarkable, and concerns have been raised on how to provide pleasant and inviting shopping experiences for customers in order to increase customer spending as well as increase their time of stay in the store.  

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and Essay

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and managers contributes to employee motivation and engagement with - Essay Example Managers should engage in motivation as it eases unnecessary fears among the employees. Statistics reveal that workers perform poorly under oppression as compared to when motivated. The following script outlines the importance of motivation, relevant theories, and the essence as to why leaders should use the tool (Lauby, 2005:69). Mangers role in employee motivation An employee is one of the most critical factors of production. This is because; they have the duty to carry out all tasks, irrespective of whether machinery or manual operation. The essence is that, no matter the employees competence to a task, shortcomings may arise due to monotony, frustration, and oppression. Managers must try to curb behaviors that tend to mislead the company, and practice behaviors that will gear up progression and prosperity (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Bearing in mind that, every set of human beings does exhibit distinct cultures, managers should observe and tame that culture which favors the company more . Culture comprises of personal beliefs, attributes, needs, and behaviors. On addressing these issues properly, the company pursues its objectives and strategically beats competition. Managers should simply address issues in a friendly way and welcome views from the employees. They should avoid ideologies of drawing attention from the employees that they should recognize them by their positions (Podmorof, 2005:67). Role of leadership and managers An employee will perceive a motivating factor whenever it affects his welfare. Decades ago, managers and leaders experienced the same issues that occur in modern businesses; this led to the development of various theories that can actively apply in solving human related problems in organization. Among them was Abraham Maslow who distinguished human needs in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid. The pyramid elaborates needs from the most pressing, those one cannot do without, to those perceived as defining class in the society. The pyramid addresses as; biological and physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization (Bruce, 2006:80). The pyramid describes necessities as biological and social needs. It states that an employee will work to cater for his necessities, which are; air, food, shelter and clothing. It argues that, the reason as to why human beings strive in their daily chores is to ensure that they are able to meet their needs effectively (Levesque, 2008:59). No one can survive without food since hunger is a recurring problem. For example, after feeding, people do not sit back and assume that they have made a solution to hunger eternally. Similarly, shelter poses as a pressing need as all people strive to live in houses to avoid bad weather conditions and enhance privacy. Due to evolution, the modern man finds clothing crucial as it is also ethical and moral to dress-up (Doyle, 2005:180). On achieving all basic needs, human beings will find that they need safety in their lives. Therefore, they seek protection from all societal vices and device security channels that will cover their lives from dangers (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Since all humans may enforce their feelings in handling different threats, the modern man has sort to come up with laws that accommodate all virtues, laying down procedures to handle different problems. There are limits within the society under which one can act in his own

Europe & Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Europe & Russia - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that   Europe’s natural gas consumption continues to rise while the domestic natural gas production decline. If trends persist as projected, Europe’s dependence on Russia and large supplier of gas is likely to grow. Europe, as a whole, is a significant importer of natural gas, with Russia being one of Europe’s most powerful natural gas suppliers. Russia has been active in safeguarding its European gas market share through the state-controlled company, Gazprom, which has pursued to stymie European-backed alternatives to pipelines it controls by suggesting competing pipeline projects and availing European companies stakes within those projects. Moreover, the entity has endeavoured to dissuade possible suppliers (especially those within Central Asia) from participating in European-supported plans. Moreover, the dominant companies have raised their environmental concerns in an effort to impede other alternatives to its supplies, such as untraditional natural gas. This has made some European countries feel vulnerable to possible Russian energy supply manipulation that may frustrate diversification. Energy security takes diverse forms and can be guaranteed by diverse mechanisms that can take the form of both regulatory and market-based.  

The Temptation Of Jesus In Wilderness Theology Religion Essay

The Temptation Of Jesus In Wilderness Theology Religion Essay In my paper I will examine Lukes gospel about Jesus temptation in wilderness. First by applying Bakers Dictionary of Christian Ethics I will examine the meaning of the word temptation, and how its being used in bible. Second I will shortly explain nature of temptation and why it was unique. Third I will examine Mathews Gospel of Jesus temptation by applying Christopher Morse perspective and see how it could be applied to community that lived in first century. Fourth I will examine Jesus response to Devil and the message that Lukes was sending to a community through his gospel about Jesus temptation in wilderness. Fourth applying Encyclopedia of Religion (EOF) I will explain how temptation can be applied to modern community and how modern progress and economy changed the perception about temptation. Fifth I will expand on how temptation of modern community related to consumption. Finally I will compare how community that Matthew wrote for similar to the modern one, also I will explain how they different and why some values and principals cant be applied to modern community same way it was applied two thousand years ago. Meaning of the Temptation Before start studying the passage of the temptation of Jesus, we must understand the meaning of word temptation. Origin word temptation comes from translation of Greek peirà ¡zÃ…Â  which means test or temptation. Temptation is not simply good or bad; it is a word that according to Bakers dictionary of Christian ethics temptation is used differently in bible at least in four different ways. First its Enticement to Sin, often used in bible to describe Devils action such as testing human on their faithfulness to god by tempting them to do evil. In regards when one is tempted to do evil and put responsibility on God, James states in his gospel 1:13 according to which explains that blame for humans sin should become their own responsibility. Second is Man testing god, often people say god give a sign, or if there was a god he wont let my friend die, however in (Matt-. 4:6-7) it is clear that we shall no put god to test. Explanation to why one should not put god to test can be explai n by looking at Corinthians 10:9 where states whoever test God will be destroyed. Third way temptation occurs in bible it when God put people to the test. According to new dictionary of theology God test people on their fidelity for him. Expanding on Gods test to people one must see gods temptation is not a punishment, but the test, for one whom God wants to use for his own purposes (Deuteronomy 8:16.). Fourth and final variation temptation mention is the Overcoming Temptation or how one can avoid temptation to do sin. In Bakers Dictionary of Christian Ethics lays clear explanation that by overcoming temptation to sin once, person become more capable of doing it next time. Examination of details that Apply to Jesus temptation Before proceeding to the detailed analysis of the story of the temptation, it is necessary to examine the few following details. First Jesus used his human nature to resist the temptation this explain his hunger in desert. Second the nature of temptation is such that they could only come to the one who has a totally unique authority and power, 4:3 this should explain importance Jesus battle against devil. Third whoever reads this story must understand that Matthew used Q source to create this gospel. This explains the details Mathew know about what happened during Jesus temptation. Finally this gospel of Jesus temptation should always be approached with reverence, because it reveals Jesus recesses of his soul and his heart, and because, Mathew Gospel shows through despite the struggle Jesus was able to resist Devil. Temptation of Jesus Gospel temptation of Jesus starts in 4.1-4.2 where Mathew describes how Jesus was taken to wilderness by Spirit and tempted there by Devil for forty days, and had nothing to eat. According to Christopher Morse perspective that in this type of setting Jesus was definitely hungry, which he explained that just like hunger real temptation cant be turn off. Which might explain the point Luke was trying to deliver to Christians, just like our human nature that cant live without food same way it cant avoid temptation. In response to Lukes Gospel 4.3 Christopher Morse writes that Jesus being in situation where he is hungry worries more about his spiritual condition rather than physical. To answer the question why Jesus refuse to turn stones to loaf of bread when he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread (Lk.9 :12-17) and four thousand with seven loaves (Mf.15 :32-38) one must understand that Jesus only used his miraculous power for salvation of others. Also it shows that Jesus ex perience same physical feeling, as would any other man by being in similar settings. Deuteronomy 8:3 Now lets examine why In Lukes gospel Jesus responded to devil using Deuteronomy 8:3, and what was the important lesson it had for Christians that lived during the time it was written. Importance of that respond can be explained in bible in few different ways. First because if one is always concentrate on his physical needs it might make him no different than animal. Second, one should always choose word of the god, because it is the only real treasure that can save peoples soul. Pursuing further lets see how temptation and hunger can be applied to modern community. Modern community and Temptation In order to understand how and why modern community might view Mathews Gospel of Jesus temptation differently first one must understand the settings humans live now. Certainly lifestyle, principles and values for modern humanity are different to the ones that Mathew wrote for; however temptation that people facing now still topical more than ever. Now lets examine modern humanity value, principles, settings and how in modern age, temptation becomes part of one everyday life. According to TEOC the term Temptation in todays human oriented terminology is being used deficiently. For instance TEOC argue that in modern parlance the term temptation refers as a, Temporary breakdown in orientation that either inner developmental process or external factors appear to make necessary. This can be explaining by applying observation that is discussed in EOR, it states that modern society create the culture where primary value of life is to have rather than to be. Further EOR explains that modern s ociety live in world where educational system based around the success, with a economic system that promotes consumption. This certainly explains why western culture relays on modern progress. Lets speculate and apply what we see is being built usually in the first place; it is not the hospital, not a nursing home, no orphanages but the factories that produce goods and giant stores that sell them. Important to note that before it gets sold or manufactured, Corporation using advertising techniques that often build around person temptation, which in many cases build around their own ego. Living in world where every human consider a consumer led to humanity for establishing their own consumer rights. Those rights elevated to the new morality of certain laws, I have a right to consume what I see. Companies consume people, and people consume everything around them. With this kind approach humans have the mentality where consumption is not a temptation it is a right. Indeed we live in world were temptation fueled by advertisement techniques keep growing expanding every day. However just like temptation, consumption is also expanding and growing, this quite intensive growth of consumption becoming a great opportunity for governments and Enterprises to expand their profits. Modern progress allow governments and enterprises to produce enough goods to satisfy consumption, however in order to do so it must have enough materials. Temptation on Global Level There is no doubt that modern progress brining new solutions to our lives but at what cost those solutions come. Through modern progress, western culture made possible to solve hunger issues by creating and using materials that would be consider two thousand years ago meaningless. TEOC argue that western world lifestyle, leads to constant predatory exploitation of Earth resources. Modern humanity must understand the price of living lifestyle that promotes predatory exploration f earth. That price is not only our environment, but well of all humans around the globe. This temptation that is measured on world level scale have another disadvantage it often exploits third world using them for cheap labor and materials. In this case poor developing world is being consumed by the temptation of the wealthy developed world. Applying four temptation perspectives to the western world. Conclusion Indeed humanities lifestyle has changed for past 2000, and the way humanity see and accepts things is different. Conclusion that can be drawn here is that even though the modern might understand the term temptation differently, the meaning of that stills the same. We as consumer generation have to realize that when our temptation have no physical limits, consumption indeed have one, and even more if it is unbalance it can destroy us. modern community still have the power of will, using to resist the temptation will bring not only spiritual, psychological peace but also financial.

Correcting Librarian Stereotypes Essay -- Library Career Profession

What do picture when you think of librarians? Librarians are often stereotyped as being conservative, orderly, thorough, and passive (1, 2, 3)? Perhaps the best known librarian stereotype is the "spinsterly and authoritarian naysayer over-concerned with regulations and maintaining a hushed library environment" (4). But where do these stereotypes come from, and are they really true? Perhaps librarians' professional invisibility is to blame for some of the stereotypes. Most people think that everyone who works in libraries is a librarian, and that librarian duties consist mainly of shelving and checking out books (5, 6). Think again! Librarians are not usually involved in shelving and circulation responsibilities. Much of the work librarians do isn't visible to library users. And even a children's story time involves behind-the-scenes work and knowledge. The history of libraries and librarianship may also contribute to these stereotypes. Public libraries were often started to "improve" working people, and librarians often really were "goody two shoes" (7). But although they still take their social responsibilities seriously, the librarians (and libraries) of today are very different. Keep reading to find out what librarians really do and who they really are. But first, follow me on a technological history of librarians. Where did the original stereotype of librarians as bun-wearing "shush-ers" come from? Let's think low tech--before the days of advanced communication technology, ideas were spread through word of mouth and writing. So did these traditional images come from interactions with real librarians which were then communicated amongst people and accepted into our society's lore of the librar... ...w.outsights.com/systems/dikw/dikw.htm>. In "Module 3: Introduction to Information and Digital Representations." LIBR 500: Foundations of Information Technology, Web CT Reading, Mary Sue Stephenson. 22. Stephenson, Mary Sue. "Module 3: Introduction to Information and Digital Representations." LIBR 500: Foundations of Information Technology, Web CT Reading. 23. Rybash, John M., Paul A. Roodin, and William J. Hoyer. Adult Development and Aging, 3d ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 24. Scherdin, Mary Jane, and Anne Beaubien. "Shattering Our Stereotype: Librarians' New Image." Library Journal 12 (1 July 1995): 35-8. 25. Houdyshell, Mara, Patricia A. Robles, and Hua Yi. "What Were You Thinking: If You Could Choose Librarianship Again, Would You?" Information Outlook 3 (July 1999): 19-23.

Exergy Analysis Has Been Utilized Architecture Essay

Exergy analysis has been utilized in the optimisation of thermic procedures in power workss and in industry. However, energy systems in edifices are designed based entirely on the energy preservation rule. This rule entirely does non supply a full apprehension of of import facets of energy usage in edifices, e.g. fiting the quality degrees of energy supply and end-use ; to the full showing the advantages of utilizing inactive ( e.g. thermic insularity, window design ) and ambient energy ( e.g. heat pumps ) in edifices. From this point of view, exergy analysis is an of import nexus in understanding and planing energy flows in edifices. Recently, the exergy construct has been applied to the built environment every bit good ( Shukuya 1994, Gertis 1995, Asada and Shukuya 1999, Nishikawa and Shukuya 1999, Jenni and Hawkins 2002, and Schmidt and Shukuya 2003 ) . Some research workers ( Rosen 2001 and Wall 2001 ) have besides used the exergy construct in a context of sustainable development. In the last few old ages, a working group of the International Energy Agency has been formed within the Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems programme: â€Å" Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings † ( Annex 37, 2002 and Ala-Juusela, 2004 ) . The overall aim of the Annex was to advance the rational usage of energy by agencies of low valued and environmentally sustainable energy beginnings. This extension is being followed up by the international LowExNet group, which works towards supplying cognition on and tools for exergy analyses to be applied in the built environment ( LowExNet 2004 ) .Dr umheadThis paper presents an lineation and instance survey of a spreadsheet-based exergy analysis tool ( Schmidt, 2004 ) and a new in writing input ‘Casanova ‘ interface being developed to heighten its user-friendliness for a residential edifice situated in Toronto, Ontario. The tool is meant to ease the practical application of exergy into edifice design. It does so by assisting edifice and building-services interior decorators develop insight into combinations of design options that can take down the entire exergy ingestion of a edifice and its associated edifice services. The interface is structured so that a edifice interior decorator could concentrate more on changing edifice size and orientation, and /or edifice envelope constellation. A edifice services interior decorator may wish to concentrate on edifice tenancy agendas, indoor and out-of-door air temperatures, and edifice service constellations.Exergy EfficiencyThe three equations of exergetic efficiencies for steady province procedures are: 1. Theconventional or simple exergetic efficiency: This is an expressed definition and can be used for all procedure workss and units. It is an ideal thermodynamic system when all the constituents of the entrance exergy flow are transformed to other constituents, e.g. , in the instance for power Stationss or for constructing warming and chilling systems. 2.Rational exergetic efficiencyand the utilizable exergy coefficient The rational exergetic efficiency is defined by Kotas ( 1985 ) as a ratio of the coveted exergy end product to the exergy used or consumed which is the amount of all exergy transportations from the system, which must be regarded as representing the desired end product, plus any byproduct, which is produced by the system. The coveted end product is determined by analyzing the map of the system.Utilizable exergy coefficientBrodyansky, Sorin and LeGoff ( 1994 ) introduced this signifier of exergetic efficiency, called utilizable exergy coefficient. The entire exergy input ( ) of a existent system is ever higher than its exergy end product ( ) because a certain sum of exergy is irreversibly destroyed within the system. This exergy, by and large referred to as the internal exergy losingss or exergy devastation, is straight linked to the thermodynamic irreversibilities in the system. The remainder of the exergy that leaves the system with the utilizable exergy watercourse is a portion of the exergy input, which has merely gone through the system without undergoing any transmutation and is the pass throughing exergy, . is the produced utilizable exergy rate and is the consumed exergy rate. This signifier of efficiency is an betterment on the traditional exergetic efficiency, because it subtracts the untransformed constituents from the entrance and surpassing watercourses. To any stuff, heat and work watercourse can be associated as an exergy content, which is wholly defined by temperature, force per unit area and composing of the watercourse itself and of a mention province, which is usually the environment in which the system operates. It is, hence, possible to calculate the exergy content of all entrance and surpassing watercourses to and from a system and to set up an overall exergy balance over any system, as shown in Fig. 1. As illustrated in Fig. 1, portion of the exergy end product from the system may disperse into the environment as heat losingss, sewage waste or fumes. This wasted exergy, no longer useable by subsequent procedures, constitutes the external losingss, Iext. It is more appropriate, from the point of view of downstream operations, to see the exergy that remains utilizable, Eu, instead than the entire end product, . Lone portion of the utilizable exergy is produced by the system through the physicochemical phenomena that take topographic point within its boundaries. The remainder of the exergy that leaves the system with the utilizable exergy watercourse is a portion of the exergy input, which has merely gone through the system without undergoing any transmutation and is named pass throughing exergy, by Kostenko ( 1983 ) .Energy, Exergy and SustainabilityThe first rule of thermodynamics is that of energy preservation. It states that the amount of all energy put into a system is equal to t he amount of the addition in internal energy within the system and the energy rejected by the system. Taken literally, this means that salvaging energy is non possible, as energy is ne'er destroyed. In every existent procedure, nevertheless, something is destroyed, and that is the quality of the energy, besides called exergy. This is the topic of the 2nd rule of thermodynamics. Energy produced at higher temperatures is of higher quality, intending that more work can be produced with this energy. Electricity is of maximal quality, as it can be to the full converted into power. During this transition, heat at lower temperatures will be rejected. On the other manus, heat at a low outside air temperature ( less than 7 deg C ) can be in equilibrium with its milieus, and can therefore no longer be converted into electricity or power. This is why firing gas in a boiler in order to heat a edifice is really inefficient ; the potency of the gas is non to the full used. With the same measure of gas, it would hold been possible to bring forth electricity and power. Exergy is hence a good step for the sustainability of a system. Dincer 2000, Wall et al. 2001, Rosen et Al. 2001 and Boelman et . al 2003.Energy and Exergy Demands of BuildingsIn order to analyse the energy and exergy demands of edifices which are strictly based on energy balances between the edifice maintained at a defined degree of comfort and its environment, they have to be studied in item. When specifying the energy or exergy demand, it is of import to see both the physical facets of a edifice and its utilizations. This is because the ways in which a edifice is used influence the internal heat burden and the lighting and power demand well, and hence the edifice ‘s overall energy demand every bit good. All relevant energy devouring points should be taken into history to avoid concentrating on a individual facet of the demand, which could take to erroneous premises about energy nest eggs. For case, adding insularity decreases heat demand but increases chilling demand, while holding fewer Windowss decreases heat demand but increases lighting demand. By using exergy analysis to construct it can be shown that the greatest fraction of the entire supplied exergy for heating in edifices is consumed when heat is generated from other beginnings, e.g. fossil fuels like natural gas. Partss of these losingss occur during energy transmutation, extraction, and transmutation in power Stationss or in heat coevals, e.g. in a boiler. Merely a little fraction of the exergy ingestion happens within the edifices ( Schmidt and Shukuya 2003 ) . To utilize the exergy most expeditiously, we have to plan heating systems that will maintain the supply temperatures every bit low as possible. In most instances, low exergy ingestion within a constituent coincides with a low recess temperature ; that means that the energy is supplied at a low temperature degree. The illustrations of such systems already are thermally activated edifice buildings, floor-heating systems or waterborne systems where warming or chilling pipes are inserted into the concrete slab building, thereby heating or chilling the suites, to be later released as fresh supply air to the suites ( Johannesson 2004 ) . There are many more system options, which are showcased in the LowEx Guidebook ( Ala-Juusela et al 2004 and Annex 37 2004 ) .Energy demandThe system studied is as follows: Heat is added to the edifice by illuming, people and contraptions, and air flows into and out of the edifice through infiltration and airing. Ventilation air can be treated ab initio in an air-handling unit, where it is chilled or preheated. The entire energy demand consists of seven points: ( Itard 2003 and Itard 2005 ) .Demand for heat in the edifice, QheatDemand for cold in the edifice, QcoldDemand for heat in the air-handling system, Qheat, AHUDemand for cold in the air managing system, Qcold, AHUDemand for illuming, QlightDemand for ventilators when utilizing mechanical airing, QventilDemand for contraptions, such as computing machines and waiters, Qappl.The theoretical account for the heat and cold balances within a edifice envelope is based on hourly energy balances that take into history transmittal, airing, infiltration losingss and heat accretion in the building, every bit good as heat burden through Sun, contraptions, people and unreal lighting. The heat and cold balances in air-handling systems are simple enthalpy balances based on the temperature of the out-of-door air and the specified temperature of the air-supply into the edifice. These balances are needed merely when a mechanical airing system is used. The computations for contraptions and illuming are based on a specified electrical burden per square metre of gross floor country. The energy demand for ventilators is deliberate presuming known force per unit area losingss in the canals.Exergy demandExergy of electrical energy and mechanical energy: By agencies of the construct of exergy, the mechanical work and electrical energy is straight transferred into exergy, that is E=W Actually, both the mechanical work and electrical energy are higher than the thermic energy in their energy quality. And all of them can be to the full converted into utile work. Exergy of heating/cooling capacity: The exergy of heating capacity is defined as the maximal utile work attainable from a heat transportation procedure due to temperature difference between the system and the mention environment and likewise defined for exergy of chilling capacity. The exergy demand for cold and heat in the edifice is calculated utilizing the method described in Schmidt 2004. If refers to the indoor air temperature, and to the temperature of the milieus ( outside air temperature ) , the exergy demand for heat or cold in the edifice expressed in J/K is: Exergy demand for cold and heat in the air-handling unit: This exergy demand is calculated utilizing the method described in Shukuya 2002. In the undermentioned equation, Tblin refers to the temperature of the air that is supplied to the edifice ‘s suites. Exergy demand for electrical equipment: Lighting, contraptions and ventilators are electrical equipment. For all electrical equipment, an exergetic efficiency of one is applied, and equated asPrimary Consumption of Energy and ExergyPrimary energy ingestionBuildings need equipment in order to run into their energy demands. Boilers or heat pumps can be used to run into the warming demand. Compression chilling machines can be used to run into the chilling demand. The electricity that is needed must be produced by a power works. Regardless of the type of equipment that is used, it will ever be capable to transition efficiency. This means that the sum of energy needed by the transition equipment is different from the overall energy demand. Example for warming: If the warming demand is 1MJ, and a gas boiler with an overall efficiency of 0.85 is used, the primary energy ingestion to run into the warming demand is 1/0.85 = 1.18 MJ. Example for chilling: If the chilling demand is 1 MJ, and a compaction chilling machine which has an efficiency of 3 is used ( this is possible because a heat pump besides uses free energy from the milieus ) , the heat pump needs 1/3 = 0.33 MJ of electricity to run into this demand. This electricity, nevertheless, is produced in a power works. If the efficiency of the power works is 0.4, the primary energy ingestion to run into the chilling demand becomes 0.33/0.4 = 0.83 MJ.Primary exergy ingestionThis Equation calculates the primary exergy ingestion, where is the exergetic quality factor of the full energy transition procedure: For illustration, if waste heat at the temperature =50 & A ; deg ; C is used for heating applications, and if the outside temperature is 1 & A ; deg ; C, the quality factor will be 0.16.Example of energy and exergy computation consequencesResidential Building Case StudyThe Model BuildingTo execute the computations, a basal theoretical account of an mean one-family house in business district Toronto has been taken for the instance survey. The pre WWII built house has four individual family, has five suites ( one life room, four sleeping rooms ) , a kitchen, such as heel combined with a dining room, a bathroom on the first floor and a lavatory on the land floor. The Attic and cellar are non heated. Some cardinal figures of the theoretical account edifice are shown in Table 1. The floor tallness with its 2.9 m is higher than than newer places, which allow the warm air to drift up during the hot summer months. The disadvantage of high ceiling is that the heat energy demand in winter is higher.CASAnova packageThe computations were done with the programme CASAnova, an educational package for ciphering the warming and chilling energy demand every bit good as the temperature behavior in edifices. The programme is freely available for educational intents by the Group for Building Physics & A ; Solar Energy in the Department of Physics at the University of Siegen. It can be used to demo the dealingss between constructing geometry, orientation, thermic insularity, glazing, solar heat additions, heating demand, warming and primary energy every bit good as overheating in summer. CASAnova uses constructing forms of rectangular signifier for which in a monthly balance transmittal and airing losingss every bit good as solar and internal additions are calculated. Therefore it was suited to demo the consequences as calculated on the theoretical account edifice of a simple one-family house. In add-on to that, CASAnova besides contains climate-data for Toronto, ON in its programme construction, which was another ground to take it for the computations. To find the figure of hours during which a edifice is overheated, CASAnova uses a single-zone dynamical thermic theoretical account. Based on hourly informations of the outside temperature and the solar heat additions through Windowss and walls, CASAnova calculates the useable solar heat addition every bit good as the transmittal and airing losingss of this zone. Together with the internal additions the balance of energy for an effectual thermic mass is determined ( i.e. energy losingss and additions for the room-air including the heat which is stored up in an active portion of the wall ) . Harmonizing to the sum and the mark of this balance zone temperatures change with clip. Finally, the figure of hours is counted for which room-air temperatures exceed a comfort temperature bound given by the user. Consequences – Heat Demand Reduction for Several Renovation OptionsBefore Renovation – The Base CaseFor the initial state of affairs it was assumed that the house has been built post war building. Houses older than 35 old ages make up more than 60 % of the business district Toronto edifice stock and utilize 230 kWh/m2 and up. This edifice stock, together with edifices constructed prior to the 1990s has a noteworthy impact on the local energy ingestion.WindowsWhile planing the theoretical account constructing it has been taken attention to hold more Windowss on the northern fa & A ; ccedil ; ade and less on the South. The window countries on the several waies are as shown in Table 2. For the initial state of affairs windows with individual glazing have been assumed. individual glassy Windowss are in older Torontonian edifices. Thus the U-value ( rate of heat loss through a surface ) of the glassing is every bit high as 5.8 W/ ( m2K ) , the one of the wooden frames is 3.5 W/ ( m2K ) and the g-value ( entire energy admittance value ) 0.92.InsulationThe exterior walls have common medium weight exterior building ( bricks ) with U value of 1.2 W/ ( m2K ) . The Windowss has the U-value of 5.8 W/ ( m2K ) . The first floor towards the partly-insulated roof has an U-value of 1.2 W/ ( m2K ) and the land floor towards the non-heated basement without insularity an U-value of 1.0 W/ ( m2K ) . The door ‘s U-value is 1.8 W/ ( m2K ) . Indoor temperature has been set to 21 & A ; deg ; C and overheating occurs when the temperature rises above 27 & A ; deg ; C. The internal additions which stem from a four individual family and mean family contraptions assumed to be up to 44 kWh/m2a i.e. 5 W/m2.EnergyAll the computations have been done for the location of Toronto, Ontario, 43 & A ; deg ; 40 ‘ N 79 & A ; deg ; 22 ‘ W. Toronto has summer temperature runing from 23 & A ; deg ; C to 31 & A ; deg ; C and winter temperature to lowest -22 & A ; deg ; C as minimal temperature of the twelvemonth. Natural gas is the most common energy beginning in Toronto for both warming and cookery since it is besides much cheaper than oil fuel and electricity. Therefore the warming system of the theoret ical account edifice has been defined as a distilling boiler, with both boiler and distribution being inside the thermic zone. The heat transportation occurs through with a system temperature of 70/55 & A ; deg ; C. These characteristics and the antecedently mentioned characteristics of the theoretical account constructing consequence in a heat energy demand of 639 kWh/m2a and a primary energy demand for natural gas of 763.9 kWh/m2a. The concluding energy demand of the family sums to 9616 m3/a of natural gas. As can be seen from the consequences in Figures 2 and 3, the theoretical account house right reflects the current state of affairs of old Torontonian edifices demoing a high heat energy demand of 639.4 kWh/m2a. Due to bad insularity which for illustration may allow the indoor temperatures drop down to below -15 & A ; deg ; C, the undermentioned building leads to 323 effectual warming yearss. Harmonizing to Figure 4, most heat is lost through walls ( 41 % ) , roof ( 20 % ) and windows ( 27 % ) , which are offering the biggest potency for a redevelopment that would take to energy nest eggs.Renovation OptionsAll redevelopment options were calculated utilizing informations for stuffs that can be easy available in Toronto.Standard OptionsIn the first option merely the Windowss were changed to duplicate glassy heat protected Windowss with U value equal to 1.0 W/m2 K, in the 2nd option the house walls get a better insularity, while the 3rd redevelopment option is a combination of the first two. The other belongingss of the edifice have non been changed. The elaborate computations can be viewed in Annex I. Technical information for building and edifice services are for a typical residential edifice ( see Table 1 ) . Detailed building informations were entered to the tool ‘s input interface. On the other manus, the inside informations for the selected edifice services constituents were provided by the interface to the computation faculty as default values. The instance has been taken for a residential edifice base instance which has nominal insularities and needs retrofits ( option 1 and option 2 ) .3 THE MethodFor the undermentioned survey of warming or chilling steady province conditions are assumed. Energy and affair are supplied into the system to do it work. Inputs and end products are the same, harmonizing to the Torahs of energy and mass preservation. The energy flow through the edifice envelope is changeless in clip under steady province conditions. In the instance of warming, heat transmittal occurs from the warm inside to the cold ambient environment, across the edifice envelope. This is accompanied by an increasing flow of entropy [ The information of a substance is a map of the temperature and force per unit area ] . A certain sum of information is generated by this procedure, due to irreversible procedures inside the edifice envelope. This generated information has to be discarded to the milieus, i.e. the out-of-door environment. It is of import to recognize that the energy fluxing out of the edifice envelope is non merely accompanied by a devastation of exergy, but besides by an increased flow of information. Disposition of generated information from a system allows room for feeding on exergy and devouring it once more. This procedure, which underlies every working procedure, can be described in the undermentioned four cardinal stairss. Heating and chilling systems are no exclusion here [ 11 ] : Table I: Four stairss of the exergy-entropy procedure.Feed on exergyConsume exergyGenerate informationDispose informationEducational Tool for Energy and Exergy analyses ofHeating and Cooling Applications in BuildingsTo increase the apprehension of exergy flows in edifices and to be able to happen possibilities for farther betterments in energy use in edifices, an analysis tool has been produced during on-going work for the IEA ECBCS Annex 37. Throughout the development, the purpose was to bring forth a â€Å" transparent † tool, easy to understand for the mark group of designers and edifice interior decorators, as a whole. The Microsoft excel tool is built up in different blocks of subsystems for all of import stairss in the energy concatenation ( see Figure 2 ) . All constituents, constructing building parts, and edifice services equipment have advanced input options. Heat losingss in the different constituents are regarded, every bit good as the needed subsidiary electricity for pumps and fans. The electricity demand for unreal lighting and for driving fans in the airing system is included. On the primary energy side, the inputs are differentiated between dodo and renewable beginnings. The computation is made under steady province conditions. This tool consequences are summarised on with diagrams every bit good as Numberss. All stairss of the energy concatenation – from the primary energy beginning, via the edifice, to the sink ( i.e. the ambient environment ) – are included in the analysis.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMINED CASEIn order to clear up the method for this analysis, a typical residential edifice has been taken as a instance survey. For this base instance theoretical account, a figure of fluctuations i n the edifice envelope design and in the edifice service equipment have been calculated. The base instance has been chosen so that the edifice criterions in North America could be met in general footings. The insularity criterion is moderate and the edifice service systems are representative of the edifice stock in Toronto. To heighten the apprehension of the exergy analysis method and to see the impacts of edifice design alterations on the consequence, fluctuations in the design have been calculated. For the base instance, a figure of different betterments and alterations in the system design have been analysed: Numeric illustrations are shown for the whole procedure of infinite warming, based on a system design and the sub-systems shown in Figure 2. Consequences of the analysis of the base instance are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. These figures, which indicate where losingss occur, are quantified by the sub-systems/components in Figure 4. In Figure 3, the system is fed with primary energy/exergy, shown on the left side of the diagram. Because of losingss and system irreversibility and inefficiencies in the heat and mass transportation processes in the constituents, energy, every bit good as exergy, dissipates to the environment. At the same clip, exergy is consumed in each constituent. When the flow of energy leaves the edifice through the edifice envelope there is still a singular sum of energy left over ( i.e. the amount of all edifice heat losingss ) , but the same is non true for exergy. At the ambient environment degree, energy has no potency of making work and all exergy has been consumed. The exergy flow on the far right side of the diagram is equal to nothing. This sort of diagram helps in groking the flow of exergy through edifice systems and enables farther optimizations in the overall system To accomplish betterments in the system design, it is compulsory to cognize where losingss and inefficiencies occur ( Fig 4 ) . Major losingss occur in both transmutation processes. This happens viz. in the primary energy transmutation, where a primary energy beginning is transformed into an end-energy beginning, such as LNG, and in the coevals, where the named end-energy beginning is transformed into heat by, for illustration, a boiler. The difference between an energy and an exergy analysis becomes clear when detecting the losingss in the coevals sub-system. The energy efficiency of this system is high, but the exergy ingestion within the boiler system is the largest of all regarded subsystems. When utilizing a burning procedure, devouring a batch of exergy is indispensable in the extraction of thermic exergy from the chemical exergy contained in LNG. As for the procedure in the coevals, the supply of energy is of a high quality factor, as it is for LNG, with 0.95. The nucleus inside the coevals is a burning procedure with fire temperatures of some thousand grades celsius, taking to the end product of the procedure being a heat bearer medium of about 80 & A ; deg ; C. Even at this point, the temperature degrees indicate a great loss. 6.1 Impact of betterments in the edifice envelope versus betterments in the service equipment ( Base case+ HVAC options ) Get downing with the base instance described above, betterments on the design have been made and calculated. As already shown, exergy ingestion within the heat coevals is the largest among all sub-systems. This is ineluctable when bring forthing heat for infinite warming through the usage of a burning procedure. Because of this, it may be considered that it is indispensable to better the efficiency of the boiler. Thus, an addition in boiler efficiency from? G = 0.8 to 0.95 has been reached with betterment ( see Table III ) . However, The lessening in exergy ingestion is fringy. To increase the exergy end product of the boiler, an addition of the mercantile establishment H2O temperature can be taken into consideration. This, nevertheless, consequences in the ingestion of more exergy within the undermentioned systems, from the storage to the emanation system. Besides, the exergy ingestion within the room air would be higher because the coveted room temperature is merely 21 & A ; deg ; C. These facts imply that an highly extremely efficient boiler entirely can non needfully do a important part to the decrease of exergy ingestion in the whole procedure of infinite warming. This can alter if the edifice envelope insularity is considered when realizinf the warming exergy burden of the room. This has been done with the improved insularity of the walls and the Windowss have been improved. The warming exergy burden, ( the exergy end product from the room air and the exergy input to the edifice envelope – 4 % of the chemical exergy input to the distilling boiler ) is considered. This decrease step could be regarded as fringy, or as holding a limited impact on the entire exergy ingestion of the system. But, as can be seen by the difference between the whole exergy ingestion profile of the base instance and the base instance with betterment ( 5 ) , in order to diminish the rate of entire exergy ingestion, it is more executable to cut down the warming exergy burden by put ining well-insulated exterior walls and glazings than to put in thermally, highly extremely, efficient boilers. 6.2 System flexibleness and the possible integrating of renewable beginnings into edifice systems The flexibleness in the use of different energy beginnings is of great imposrtance in sustainable edifice design along with possible usage of renewable beginnings, and besides flexibleness in fulfilling wide fluctuations from the demand side. Using exergy analyses could assist to quantify the grade of system flexibleness. As already stated, a decrease in the exergy burden of the room is of import. However, it is every bit of import to see how to fulfill the staying demand. This is done in the analysis shown in Figure 7. Three system solutions have been chosen to fulfill the heat demand for the same room. The base instance represents a high temperature distilling boiler and high temperature radiators. The betterments represents a system where a heat pump supplies a low temperature floor warming system along with betterment options as in table III. The options satisfy the same heat demand, but with wholly different exergy demands as can be seen from Exe. Thirgy /energs difference can non be clearly shown in an energy analysis, see annex II for exergy/energy graphs generated from excel tool.5. DecisionsThe consequences of the exergy analysis suggest that long-run additions in the sustainability of edifices can be achieved merely by cut downing the energy demand for electrical contraptions well and by either bettering the efficiency of the electricity production procedure or using sustainable electricity coevals based on Sun or air current. The decrease of the lighting demand is possible by planing edif ices that make maximum usage of twenty-four hours illuming and by developing efficient lighting. The energy demand for contraptions, such as computing machines and telecastings, should besides be decreased well. The betterment of the exergetic efficiency of warming and chilling systems by using low-temperature warming and high-temperature chilling will besides hold positive effects on sustainability, but farther decreases in the warming and chilling demand through the application of inactive edifice natural philosophies steps will hold more long-run effects. As set out in this paper, the energy preservation construct entirely is non plenty to derive full apprehension of all the of import facets of energy use procedures. From this facet, the method of exergy analyses facilitates clearer understanding and improved design of energy flows in edifices. The trial method allows for the possibility of taking energy beginnings harmonizing to the quality needed for a certain application. One of these options is energy cascading, where the flow of energy is used several times, despite a quality lessening in each measure. From this general statement, a figure of decisions can be drawn from the instances analysed. The undermentioned design guidelines for constructing interior decorators can be extracted from the recommendations:Reducing the tonss on edifice service equipment is an efficient and compulsory measure towards good, exergy-saving design, as shown by the analyses in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Using inactive agencies – like good insularity criterions, tight edifice envelopes and inactive additions ( solar or internal ) – is an first-class starting point for optimised design. All steps offered by modern constructing natural philosophies in this field are extremely efficient in this procedure and by and large accepted. In a 2nd measure, edifice services contraptions should be taken into consideration. Use of these contraptions should be kept to a lower limit and be restricted to instances in which inactive agencies are deficient. This determination depends on the edifice proprietor â⠂¬Ëœs penchants and on the criterions or bounds considered acceptable for indoor environments. Related jobs ( such as overheating or increased chilling demands due to inordinate solar additions, for case ) must besides be taken into history. Even in the instance of chilling, which has non been particularly addressed in this paper, the decrease of tonss by e.g. efficient solar shadings is compulsory.Flexibility in system constellations is of import for future â€Å" more sustainable † edifices. Exergy analysis can assist in quantifying the grade of flexibleness in a system design. Low exergy tonss from the enclosed infinites and from emanation, distribution and storage systems enable an unfastened constellation of the coevals and the possible supply of the edifice, using a figure of different energy beginnings, see ( Schmidt 2004 ) for a more elaborate analysis. Here, the possibility of incorporating all sorts of renewable beginnings of heat and imperturbability should be kept in head. All renewable beginnings are utilised more expeditiously at low temperature degrees. In the instance of warming, this is true for thermic solar power, generated by simple flat-plate aggregators or solar walls, for case. If these beginnings are expeditiously used to cover the heating-energy demand of a edifice, the full service system will run with reduced sums of environmental tonss, such as CO2 emanations andother nursery gases. High exergy beginnings like electrical power should be left to particular contraptions that require a high exergy content, such as unreal lighting, computing machines and machines. These beginnings should non be used for heating intents. Even though some advantages ( like low installing costs for direct electrical warming ) may look good, exergy analysis proves the antonym. High primary energy transmutation factors in a batch of states can explicate the same fact, through an energy analysis. If high exergy beginnings are to be used however, effici ent procedures are needed, for illustration warming with heat pumps in combination with low-temperature emanation systems ( Schmidt 2004 ) .  · Other systems that will cut down exergy tonss in simple constituents are good, excessively. The integrating of a mechanical airing system ( sooner a balanced airing system with heat recovery in the air-handling unit ) will cut down the exergy ingestion, equal to steps like those specified in higher insularity criterions. Storing heat during summertime, and using these additions when they are needed in wintertime, might be another possibility. Most of these steps imply larger investing costs, hence they are non ever applicable. Most of the effects due to these extra steps to increase energy efficiency can besides be shown by the energy attack.It is already possible to construct a â€Å" low-exergy house † utilizing today ‘s engineering, as the presented illustrations of presentation edifice undertakings show. Careful planning a nd good design of all systems are compulsory in accomplishing this end, since some of the methods implemented are non yet mundane edifice pattern. More accent should be placed on the importance of exergy and on forestalling its devastation in the energy use processes in our places and working topographic points. In the same sense, communities could restrict the exergy ingestion of edifices and stipulate demands for low-exergy edifices, by analogy with bounds for primary energy usage that already exist. The proposed analysis method offers the background for making this.Exergy effecicncy by utilizing inactive systemsShukya has described the general features of six inactive systems from the point of view of exergy-entropy procedure ( see ( Shukuya, 1998 ) and ( Shukuya, 2000 ) ) . The rational passive ( bio-climatic ) design would be prerequisite to recognize low-exergy systems for warming and chilling. Daylighting: this is to devour solar exergy for indoor light. Exergy ingestion occurs as solar exergy is absorbed by the interior surfaces of edifice envelopes. â€Å" Warm † exergy is produced as a consequence of solar exergy ingestion for illuming ; this may be consumed for infinite warming ( Asada and Shukuya, 1999 ) . The information generated in the class of solar exergy ingestion for illuming must be discarded into the ambiance by airing chilling or mechanical chilling, hopefully by a low-exergy system for chilling. Passive warming: this is to command the rate of solar exergy ingestion during daylight and dark by organizing the built-environmental infinite with the appropriate stuffs that have low thermic conduction and high thermal-exergy storage capacity. It is besides to devour, during nighttime, the thermic exergy produced during daylight. Most of the information generated is discarded spontaneously through the edifice envelopes into the ambiance ( Shukuya and Komuro, 1996 ) . Shadowing: this is to allow the extra solar exergy, viz. the remainder of exergy necessary for daylighting, be consumed before it enters the reinforced environment. It is besides to cut down the information generated within the reinforced environment so that mechanical equipment for chilling is required to devour less exergy to take the information generated within the reinforced environment. Exterior shadowing devices are really much attractive in this respect, since the information generated at the devices is efficaciously discarded into the ambiance by convection ( Asada and Shukuya, 1999 ) . Ventilation chilling: ( Free chilling ) this is to devour kinetic exergy of atmospheric air, which is produced by the exergy-entropy procedure of the planetary environmental system described subsequently ( Shukuya and Komuro,1996 ) , for taking the information generated within the reinforced environment, such as the information discarded from the organic structure surface of the residents and that from the lighting fixtures, electric contraptions and others, into the near-ground ambiance. Water crop-dusting: this is to devour the â€Å" moisture † exergy contained by liquid H2O, which is really big compared to thermal exergy, viz. â€Å" warm † or â€Å" cool † exergy, to diminish the â€Å" warm † exergy produced by solar exergy ingestion and perchance to bring forth â€Å" cool † exergy ( See ( Nishikawa and Shukuya, 1999 ) , and ( Saito and Shukuya, 1998 ) ) . Roof spraying and uchimizu, which is to disperse rainwater on the route surface, are besides due to this procedure. The ingestion of â€Å" wet † exergy to bring forth â€Å" cool † exergy or to diminish â€Å" warm † exergy play a really of import function in photosynthetic system of foliages ( Saito and Shukuya, 1998 ) and the temperature-regulating system of human organic structure ( Saito and Shukuya, 2000 ) . Composting: this is to allow micro organisms consume actively a big sum of exergy contained by refuse and therefore turn it into fertiliser. The â€Å" warm † exergy produced as a consequence of micro-organisms devouring chemical exergy can be rationally consumed for keeping the temperature inside the container at a coveted degree. This is realized by doing the walls of a container thermally good insulated ( Takahashi and Shukuya, 1998 ) . The information generated in the procedure of composting is discarded into the surrounding of the container and eventually into the near-ground ambiance. With the position of inactive ( bio-climatic ) design as exergy-entropy procedure, inactive design is to plan a path in which the exergy available from our immediate milieus is rationally consumed and the generated information is rationally discarded into the ambiance. Again, low-exergy systems for warming and chilling would be such systems consistent with inactive design described above. [ 3 ] DIN 4701-10. 2001. Energy Efficiency of Heating and Ventilation Systems in Buildings – Part 10: Heating, Domestic hot Water, Ventilation. German national criterion. German capital: Deutsches Institut f & A ; uuml ; R Normung e.V. [ 11 ] Shukuya, M. 1998. Bioclimatic design as rational design of exergy-entropy procedure. Proceedings of PLEA '98, pp. 321-324.